FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE -
DECEMBER 20, 2007 CONTACT: Lakota Freedom
Naomi Archer,
Communications Liaison -
lakotafree@gmail.com or press@lakotafreedom.com
Freedom! Lakota Sioux
Indians Declare Sovereign Nation Status
[WASHINGTON, DC - December 20, 2007] Lakota Sioux Indian representatives declared sovereign nation status today in Washington D.C. following Monday's withdrawal from all previously signed treaties with the United States Government. The withdrawal, hand delivered to Daniel Turner, Deputy Director of Public Liaison at the State Department, immediately and irrevocably ends all agreements between the Lakota Sioux Nation of Indians and the United States Government outlined in the 1851 and 1868 Treaties at Fort Laramie, Wyoming. "This is an historic day for our Lakota people," declared Russell Means, Itacan of Lakota. "United States colonial rule is at its end!"
"Today is an historic day and our forefathers speak through us. Our Forefathers made the treaties in good faith with the sacred Canupa and with the knowledge of the Great Spirit," shared Garry Rowland from Wounded Knee. "They never honored the treaties. That's the reason we are here, today."
The four-member Lakota delegation traveled to Washington D.C. culminating years of internal discussion among treaty representatives of the various Lakota communities. Delegation members included well known activist and actor Russell Means, Women of All Red Nations (WARN) founder Phyllis Young, Oglala Lakota Strong Heart Society leader Duane Martin Sr., and Garry Rowland, Leader Chief Big Foot Riders. Means, Rowland, Martin Sr. were all members of the 1973 Wounded Knee takeover.
"In order to stop the continuous taking of our resources – people, land, water and children - we have no choice but to claim our own destiny," said Phyllis Young, a former Indigenous representative to the United Nations and representative from Standing Rock.
Property ownership in the five-state area of Lakota now takes center stage. Parts of North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming and Montana have been illegally homesteaded for years, despite knowledge of Lakota as predecessor sovereign [historic owner]. Lakota representatives say if the United States does not enter into immediate diplomatic negotiations, liens will be filed on real estate transactions in the five-state region, clouding title over literally thousands of square miles of land and property.
Young added, "The actions of Lakota are not intended to embarrass the United States but to simply save the lives of our people".
Following Monday's withdrawal at the State Department, the four Lakota Itacan representatives have been meeting with foreign embassy officials in order to hasten their official return to the Family of Nations.
Lakota's efforts are gaining traction as Bolivia, home to Indigenous President Evo Morales, shared they are "very, very interested in the Lakota case" while Venezuela received the Lakota delegation with "respect and solidarity."
"Our meetings have been fruitful and we hope to work with these countries for better relations," explained Garry Rowland. "As a nation, we have equal status within the national community."
Education, energy and justice now take top priority in emerging Lakota. "Cultural immersion education is crucial as a next step to protect our language, culture and sovereignty," said Means. "Energy independence using solar, wind, geothermal, and sugar beets enables Lakota to protect our freedom and provide electricity and heating to our people."
The Lakota reservations are among the most impoverished areas in North America, a shameful legacy of broken treaties and apartheid policies. Lakota has the highest death rate in the United States and Lakota men have the lowest life expectancy of any nation on earth, excluding AIDS, at approximately 44 years. Lakota infant mortality rate is five times the United States average and teen suicide rates 150% more than national average. 97% of Lakota people live below the poverty line and unemployment hovers near 85%.
"After 150 years of colonial enforcement, when you back people into a corner there is only one alternative," emphasized Duane Martin Sr. "The only alternative is to bring freedom into its existence by taking it back to the love of freedom, to our lifeway."
We are the freedom loving Lakota from the Sioux Indian reservations of Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana who have traveled to Washington D.C. to withdraw from the constitutionally mandated treaties to become a free and independent country. We are alerting the Family of Nations we have now reassumed our freedom and independence with the backing of Natural, International, and United States law. For more information, please visit our new website at www.lakotafreedom.com.
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National Reparations Congress: Lakota Indians Declare Sovereign Independence
Lakota Indians cancel treaties with U.S. Government
Russell Means www.FinalCall.com - In a bold and unprecedented move, representatives of the Lakota Freedom Delegation recently declared the Lakota Nation is formally and unilaterally withdrawing from all agreements and treaties with the government of the United States. “We are no longer citizens of the United States,” said longtime indigenous rights activist Russell Means at a press conference at Plymouth Congregational Church in Washington, D.C. on Dec. 19. “We offer citizenship to anyone provided they renounce their U.S. citizenship,” said Mr. Means.
Canupa Gluha Mani, leader of
the Lakota Strongheart Warrior Society, speaks at press conference. ‘We are no longer citizens of the United States....We offer citizenship to anyone provided they renounce their U.S. citizenship.’ — Russell Means, Lakota Freedom Delegation
The Lakota delegation delivered signed documents to the U.S. State Department informing officials of the decision to formally declare sovereignty from the United States as a result of its genocidal assault on the political, cultural and economic freedom of the Lakota Nation. The geographic area making up what will be called the Republic of Lakota covers portions of northern Nebraska, half of South Dakota, one-quarter of North Dakota, 20 percent of Montana and 20 percent of Wyoming. Mr. Means used the term “apartheid” to describe the dire conditions facing the Lakota Nation. The life expectancy of Lakota men is less than 44 years; 97 percent of the Lakota people live below the poverty line. The Lakota infant mortality rate is 300 percent higher than the national average. The tuberculosis rate on Lakota reservations is 800 percent higher than the national average; cervical cancer is 500 percent higher than the national average; the rate of diabetes is 800 percent higher than the national average. The unemployment rate on reservations is over 85 percent with the median income between $2,600 to $3,500 per year. One-third of the homes on reservations lack clean water and 40 percent of the homes lack electricity. In addition, alcoholism affects 8 in 10 Lakota families with rates of drug abuse and suicide increasing. Naomi Archer, communications liaison for the Lakota Freedom Delegation, said many other indigenous nations and political independence movements in North America, South America, Europe and Africa have reached out in solidarity and support. A portion of the document delivered to the State Department read, “Should the United States and its subordinate governments choose not to act in good faith concerning the rebirth of our nation, we hereby advise the United States Government that Lakota will begin to administer liens against real estate transactions” within the five state area of what will be called the Republic of Lakota. A history of broken treaties. The first contacts between the Lakota and the United States began after what is commonly known as the “Louisiana Purchase” in 1803. It is estimated that the United States bought 530 million acres of land from France for $15 million. Part of this sale included land already inhabited by the Lakota. They never consented to the sale of any of their land. As U.S. citizens began to move into the area in large numbers, further encroaching upon the Lakota territory, tensions increased and violence broke out, leading to the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. In that treaty, the U.S. agreed to respect the independence and sovereignty of the Lakota Nation. After repeated violations, another conflict known as the “Red Cloud War” broke out. After being defeated, the U.S. asked for another treaty which became the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868. According to the terms of this second treaty, the U.S. was to abandon Lakota territories including the U.S. military forts that they built, and they were to keep U.S. settlers out of the Lakota territories. Again, the U.S. violated the agreement by taking land and resources, setting up commerce routes and establishing railroads through the land belonging to the Lakota. In 1871, the U.S. decided to no longer sign treaties with the indigenous people. In 1874, led by George Custer, the U.S. conducted a military invasion of the Black Hills area of the Lakota territories establishing a military occupation of the land. Strongheart Warrior Society leader Canupa Gluha Mani said local governments as well as the federal government have always collaborated to control indigenous lands and people. It is time for all oppressed people to throw off the chains of their colonial masters, he said. “You don’t need colonial practices anymore. Return to the life way that you once had prior to signing treaties with this government. Enough is enough! They’ll probably kill me for talking like this, but I’m tired of being backed into the corner. I’m not a White man! I’m tired of using his language! The Great Spirit made me like this! If he wanted me to be a White man, he would have made my skin that way,” Mr. Mani told The Final Call. “They lied to us all the time, and they have been lying in treaty after treaty, so now that unilaterally we withdrew from them, this is the only way we can get them to understand that we are sick and tired of their oppressive behavior, we are sick and tired of being lied to,” said Mr. Mani. “We’ve never done anything (bad) to the White race. We’ve welcomed him, we taught him how to live off of the land, and we are going to have to re-teach him,” said Mr. Mani, adding that the Warrior Society will be ready if state governments come to disturb the rights of those living within the Lakota Nation. “They are coming to a foreign nation and we will meet them at our border line,” Mr. Mani warned. Mahdi Ibn
Ziyad for Congress Join My Campaign for New Jersey's 1st District | ||
NOVEMBER 22, 2007
Thanksgiving Fairy Tales Environment News Service (ENS) It is difficult in these troubled times to give thanks, but millions of
people in the U.S. will do so on
Thanksgiving. However, the story that most families will tell and
reflect upon is far from the truth about how this nation was settled. In
fact, with nearly all of America’s reasons for invading
Iraq proving to be fabrications, the true tale of the invasion of
North America is particularly disturbing.
RESOURCES Visit: Peace Brigades International at:
http://www.peacebrigades.org/index.html Nuclear Age Peace Foundation at:
http://www.napf.org War Resistors International at:
http://www.wri-irg.org/en/index.htm PeaceNet at:
http://www.igc.org/home/peacenet The Nonviolence Web at:
http://www.nonviolence.org 8. Many of the world's despots, dictators, and terrorists were trained by
the United States at the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security
Cooperation, formerly the School of the Americas, in
Fort Benning, Georgia. Follow the protests against this U.S.
sanctioned school for terror at:
http://www.soaw.org
Copyright Environment News Service (ENS) 2003. All Rights Reserved. |
[Correction to This Article: Previous versions of this article in print and on the Web misstated the academic specialty of Columbia University professor Ronald B. Mincy. He is an economist and professor of social welfare policy, not a sociologist. This version has been corrected.]
Middle-Class Dream Eludes African American Families
By Michael A. Fletcher Nearly half of African Americans born to middle-income parents in the late 1960s plunged into poverty or near-poverty as adults, according to a new study -- a perplexing finding that analysts say highlights the fragile nature of middle-class life for many African Americans. Overall, family incomes have risen for both blacks and whites over the past three decades. But in a society where the privileges of class and income most often perpetuate themselves from generation to generation, black Americans have had more difficulty than whites in transmitting those benefits to their children. Forty-five percent of black children whose parents were solidly middle class in 1968 -- a stratum with a median income of $55,600 in inflation-adjusted dollars -- grew up to be among the lowest fifth of the nation's earners, with a median family income of $23,100. Only 16 percent of whites experienced similar downward mobility. At the same time, 48 percent of black children whose parents were in an economic bracket with a median family income of $41,700 sank into the lowest income group. This troubling picture of black economic evolution is contained in a package of three reports being released today by the Pew Charitable Trusts that test the vitality of the American dream. Using a nationally representative data source that for nearly four decades has tracked people who were children in 1968, researchers attempted to answer two questions: Do Americans generally advance beyond their parents in terms of income? How much is that affected by race and gender? "We are attempting to broaden the current debate" beyond the growing gap between higher- and lower-income Americans, said John Morton, Pew's managing director for program planning and economic policy. "There is little out there on the question of mobility across generations, and we wanted to examine that." The data source, called the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, followed 2,367 people from across the country, including 730 African Americans, since 1968. The study participants have been repeatedly interviewed about their economic status through the years, allowing for income comparisons across generations. The Pew reports found that in many ways the American dream is alive and well. Two out of three Americans are upwardly mobile, meaning they had higher incomes than their parents. About half the time, moving up meant not only that they earned more money than their parents, but also that they were better off in relation to other Americans than their parents were. That growth was most evident among lower-income people. Overall, four out of five children born into families at the bottom 20 percent of wage earners surpassed their parents' income. Broken down by race, nine in 10 whites were better-paid than their parents were, compared with three out of four blacks. Median family income for adults now in their 30s and 40s rose by 29 percent, to $71,900 between the two generations covered in the reports. And as incomes grew, households shrank, from an average of 3.1 individuals in 1969 to 2.3 in 1998 -- meaning that income per person grew even more. Julia B. Isaacs, a researcher at the Brookings Institution who authored the three reports, noted that between 1974 and 2004, the median income for men in their 30s actually dropped 12 percent. But because more women entered the workforce, and earned much more than their mothers, median income for women more than tripled during the period, to $20,000. "The growth we've seen in family incomes is because of the increase in women's income," Isaacs said. "Without that, we would not have seen an increase, because men's earnings have been flat and even declined." Again, the reduction has been more dramatic for black men than whites. And income for white women, who were less likely than black women to work outside the home a generation ago, has grown faster than it has for black women. Black women earned a median income of $21,000 in 2004, almost equal to that of white women. Black men had a median income of $25,600, less than two-thirds that of white men. Overall, family income of blacks in their 30s was $35,000, 58 percent that of comparable whites, a gap that did not surprise researchers. Startling them, however, was that so many blacks fell out of the middle class to the bottom of the income distribution in one generation. Ronald B. Mincy, a Columbia University economist and professor of social welfare policy who has focused on the growing economic peril confronted by black men and who served as an adviser on the Pew project, said skeptical researchers repeatedly reviewed the findings before concluding they were statistically accurate. "There is a lot of downward mobility among African Americans," Mincy said. "We don't have an explanation." Pew hopes to develop some answers in future reports in its series on economic mobility. Reports scheduled to be released early next year will probe, among other things, the role of wealth and education in income mobility. Mincy and others speculated that the increase in the number of single-parent black households, continued educational gaps between blacks and whites and even racial isolation that remains common for many middle-income African Americans could be factors. "That's a stunner," said Orlando Patterson, a Harvard University sociologist, when told about the Pew finding. "These kids were middle class, but apparently their parents did not have the cultural capital and connections to pass along to them." Another reason so many middle-class blacks appear to be downwardly mobile is likely the huge wealth gap separating white and black families of similar incomes. For every $10 of wealth a white person has, blacks have $1, studies have found. "We already knew that downward mobility was much more likely for blacks," said Mary Pattillo, a Northwestern University sociologist who studies the black middle class. "But this is an even bigger percentage drop than I have seen elsewhere. That's very steep." View all comments that have been posted about this article.
NBC NIGHTLY NEWS WITH BRIAN WILLIAMS" SPECIAL FIVE-PART SERIES
"AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN: WHERE THEY STAND" TO AIR
BEGINNING ON MONDAY,
NOVEMBER 26 Premenopausal black women are more than twice as likely to get a more aggressive form of the disease. And, not only are African-American women more likely to die from breast cancer, but they're less likely to get life-saving treatments. Dr. Snyderman will profile one of the only oncologists in the world who specializes in the treatment of African-American women with breast cancer.
On Thursday, Ron Allen will take viewers to South Carolina -- the first
southern primary state -- and ask the question: Will race trump gender or
gender trump race? In South Carolina, black women made up nearly 30
percent of all democratic primary voters in 2004. This year, polls show a
significant number are undecided, torn between choosing the first
African-American or first female Presidential candidate. Allen talks with
the undecided, as well the state directors for the Clinton and Obama
campaigns, who happen to be African-American women.
Schiavocampo will convene a panel of leading black men and women from the
hip-hop industry for an engaging discussion on whether hip hop lyrics and
videos positively or negatively affect black women. The roundtable will address how these portrayals are affecting relationships between
black women and black men. |
Black Indians United Legal Defense and Education Fund Thanksgiving Day
Black Indians United Legal Defense
Wednesday, 21 November 2007
Little doubt remains that people will be gathering
together on the date that Euro-Americans call
"Thanksgiving"; in remembrance of all they are thankful
for. I ask that you dedicate at least a portion of
this day to being thankful for all that we have
learned in recent years about our ancestors and to
learning, acknowledging, discussing, conversing and
making peace with the fact that a rather large
percentage of the Aboriginal First People of the
Americas were ethnic Black Indians affected by foreign
invasion, the Trail of Tears and Indian removal, as
well as having been impacted by the trans-Atlantic
slave trade and the Black holocaust.
I am thankful for what I have been able to uncover of
the Black Indian holocaust and first terrorist acts
committed in the Americas upon its Aboriginals, our
ancestors.
In the West the ancient ones, Autochthonic Indigenous
Black Natives - Austronesian or Australo-African in
ancestry - who resided historically from Lagoa Santa,
Brazil, 10,000-plus miles south of the Bering Strait
and produced older bones than Bering Strait arrivals,
the Mexican mainland, Loreto, Mexico, Baja,
California, to La Jolla, San Diego, Imperial Valley,
up to the northernmost tip of California, Oregon,
Washington and Alaska . They also filled the interior
Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico areas and resided as
the Anasazi, Pima Mandinka, Folsoms, Pericu, San
Diegitos, Yacquis and others. Their bones and
archaeological science confirms their presence. Notes
found from the Mission priests and the director of the
Museum of Man in 1958 referred to the ancient Natives
as Australian Blackfellows.
In the Eastern Aboriginal Indian Country, ethnic
Natives emigrated from the Canary Islands, Africa and
Spain (Moors), Canada, Maine, Rhode Island, Delaware,
Virginia and Maryland down to the tip of Florida. This
is not to say that ethnic Autochthons did not also
reside in these areas. Indeed, Owsley, an archaeologist
associated with the Smithsonian Institution,
reclassified bones dredged up from a Native American
burial as having been phenotypically African upon
review - despite the Native American clothing and
burial ways.
The Eastern and Western ethnic Aboriginals converged
in a myriad of ways in America's interior and they
resided in the Carolinas, now known as North and South
Carolina, and what has become known as the American
Black Belt - Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi and
Alabama. They outflowed into Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Kansas. Of
course every one of us remembers the stand taken by the free Black
Seminoles who signed a treaty in Florida, which brought them to Oklahoma
in the 1830s and 1840s to make new settlements at Wewoka, Deep Fork and
other places.
The treachery of the U.S. Solicitor reached an all time high, when he
rendered a decision that the free Black Seminoles would be reduced to a
condition of slavery to the Creeks in Oklahoma. They had been free from
Slavery to the Creeks for 100 years prior to traveling to Oklahoma. Upon
hearing this news, the Black Seminoles felt they would rather die than
be slaves to any man, so they self-emigrated to Mexico in the winter of
1849, where they were allowed to live in freedom upon a reservation
granted to the Black Seminoles by the Mexican central government in
1850. The remaining Seminoles in Oklahoma were quarantined - placed in
a concentration camp - to prevent them from joining the Black Seminoles of
Texas and Mexico. The two bands of Black Indians remaining in Oklahoma are
still tenuously attached to the Seminole Nation today, despite attempts to
exile them in recent years also. However, they are not eligible for the
same benefits, treaty rights and entitlements available to Red Indians
because of unequal rules of federal access to loans, along with other
programs available to Indians, accessed through the Indian Reorganization
Act.
All attempts to compel the United States government to
correct the equal and racially discriminatory
disparities have been met with disinterest and
half-hearted attempts to feign fleeting interest that
dies with our outcries that have been drowned out by
wag the dog incidents and the continuing faux war on
terror.
Black Indians are caught between a massive "rock" and
a "hard place."
Native America is afraid that Black Indians will
awaken African Americans, who likely have Native
American ancestry and the same valid a claim as Black
Indians to what has been stolen from them.
The other problem is the failure of Black Indians in
defeating the media traps that will not allow us to
let African Americans know how big a stake they have
in righting the wrongs committed upon Black Indians of
the Five Civilized Tribes. Because of the media
disconnect, African Americans have not expressed
solidarity with Black Indians in demanding redress for
governmental ineptitude. Neither have the majority of
the Native American populace, who seem to believe that
all Black Indians want is what little bit the Indians
have.
In reality, Native Americans should be joining Black
Indians in forcing the U.S. government to deal fairly
with Black Indians who have legitimate treaty rights,
to fund their own sovereign nations, which takes the
stress off of the parent tribal nations in having to
deal with the throngs of Black Indians who are truly
eligible as lineal descendants and heirs of their
Native American ancestors. Black Indian tribal
governments can deal with dispensing tribal programs
and funds to their own people. This is the answer to
the ills facing Black Indians and African Americans in
general.
Upon the continuance of forced exile of Black Indians
from the former Indian Territory from 1924 to the
1960s, our Indian ancestors continued their great
Western migration into the Central Valley of
California and points south - San Diego, Compton, Los
Angeles, Inglewood - and points north - Sacramento
Valley, Fresno, Oakland and San Francisco.
I don't ask that you simply take my word for it. Use
your good sense, open mind and newly aroused visual
senses to take in the truth behind the truth on this
day. Black Indians have an aboriginal claim to the
lands of the Americas and as such have as much right
and entitlement as Red people, our relatives, and
mixed breeds, to part and parcel of the lands of our
ancient fathers.
Our people were decimated by illegal European aliens
in aboriginal Indian Country and their manifest
destiny and foreign diseases nearly destroyed the
majority of Aboriginal America, including the
Creator's favored ethnic Aboriginals. However, we live
to tell the story of our beginnings and our present
plight, which includes waging an epic struggle to
reclaim our stolen lands, treaty rights and to rebuild
our aborted economic infrastructure.
Because of America's penchant for avoiding the truth,
its deceit and selective amnesia, many of our people
believe they are solely African American. America has
a vested interest - to the tune of billions of dollars
in land, mineral rights, oil, natural gas, coal and
other revenues - in keeping you blind and unknowing of
your true ancestral past and wants you to think that
you are a transient people having no claim to the
aboriginal soil of America.
They have treated us and continental Africans like our
African blood makes us ineligible for anything,
especially aboriginal claims. Not even eligible for
life itself. We have survived purposeful ethnic
reclassification, our ancestors' histories have been
whitewashed - obliterated in many cases - and we have
been alienated from the truth of our ancestral origins
and we have been lied to about our true nationality.
There are not many people who know that Black Indians
- specifically those hailing from Oklahoma Indian
Territory, have no other nationality than Native
American.
We have been covered by treaties exclusively and, as
residents of Indian Country, were not the
beneficiaries of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
intended to benefit those in U.S. held states. Since
Oklahoma never adopted or ratified the 14th Amendment
- because it was Indian Territory - our people were
not covered by the citizenship granted persons in the
states in 1865. The lineal descendants of America's
ethnic Black Indians are each invited to come and
learn about your true history at Leona Mitchell
Southern Heights Heritage Center and Museum in Enid,
Oklahoma.
I invite you to take this day to learn about the
groups that are fighting to restore our treaty rights,
citizenship rights, land rights and more. Learn about
the class action claim of Black Indians and Freedmen,
a legal fight taken on by Harvest Institute Freedmen
Federation of Washington, D.C., Black Indians United
Legal Defense and Education Fund of Enid, Oklahoma,
and Chief William Warrior of the United Warrior Band
of the Seminole Nation, the lineal descendants of John
Horse's Seminole Negro Scouts.
Learn about the numerous Freedmen bands of Black
Indian tribal nations arising from the parent tribes:
Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole
Nations. Learn about the United Ishtehotopih Band of
the Chickasaw Nation, the United Tuscaloosa Band of
the Choctaw Nation, the United Warrior Band of the
Seminole Nation, the Chunchula Alabama Band of the
Mississippi Choctaw Nation, the Kelly-Carolina
Cherokee-Blackfeet Band of the Cherokee Nation, the
United Loyal Muscogee Creek Band of the Creek Nation
and others as they fight for independent sovereign
rule of their people, free from the tyranny and
oppression of their parent tribes who have each
abdicated their 1866 treaty mandated fiscal and legal
responsibilities for Native American citizens having
African blood.
Learn about the illegal application of blood quantum
in the 20th century as a tool of exclusion. Learn
about the revised exclusionary tribal constitutions of
the parent tribal nations of the Five Civilized
Tribes. Learn about how the United States federal
government dropped the ball in their 1866 federal
treaty mandate to provide for the ethnic protectorate
of the tribes in equity and fairness.
You also need to learn who is supporting Indian
Freedmen and ethnic Black Indians of the Five
Civilized
Tribes in our monumental struggle and the surprising
list of those who are not supporting Ethnic Black
Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes in the fight to
reclaim, maintain and sustain our indefeasible treaty
rights as heirs, beneficiaries and assigns of our
ethnic Black Indian ancestors.
Above all, learn how and why you should support all of
the following Indian Freedmen and Black Indians
entities, organizations, tribal bands and attorneys:
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A Bit of Black History:
December 24, 1837 Seminoles Whip US Army
This Christmas Eve, the freedom-loving Bush administration has a
chance to mark the anniversary of a great victory for formerly oppressed
people on U.S. soil. The President is unlikely, however, to notice or
heed the meaning of this particular milestone, whose cast of characters
and historical lessons he would undoubtedly regard as all wrong. |
Although U.S. forces destroyed crops, cattle and horses, violated
agreements, and seized women and children as hostages, the multicultural
Seminoles, as they protected their families and homes, ran circles
around the technologically and numerically superior invaders. U.S.
tactics aimed at racially dividing the Africans and Seminoles also
failed. "The negroes rule the Indians,” Jesup observed, and to seek
peace, “it is important that they should feel themselves secure." But
peace lay two decades in the future. His website is: www.williamlkatz.com This article appears on these websites: History News Network, Black Agenda Report, The Black World Today Author of "The Black Holocaust for Beginners" Social Activism is not a hobby: it's a Lifestyle lasting a Lifetime http://blackeducator.blogspot.com |
Use the day called Thanksgiving wisely by discussing the following:
For more information, check out Black Indians United
at
http://home. |